{"id":338,"date":"2014-11-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-11-27T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/2014\/11\/28\/the-emergence-of-modern-sea-ice-in-the-arctic-ocean-2-6-million-years-ago\/"},"modified":"2023-04-04T10:36:39","modified_gmt":"2023-04-04T08:36:39","slug":"the-emergence-of-modern-sea-ice-in-the-arctic-ocean-2-6-million-years-ago","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/2014\/11\/28\/the-emergence-of-modern-sea-ice-in-the-arctic-ocean-2-6-million-years-ago\/","title":{"rendered":"The emergence of modern sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, 2.6 million years ago"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>&#8220;We have not seen an ice free period in the Arctic Ocean for 2,6 million years. However, we may see it in our lifetime.&#8221; says marine geologist Jochen Knies.\u00a0In an international collaborative project, Knies has studied the historic emergence of the\u00a0ice in the Arctic Ocean. The results are published in <em>Nature Communications.<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>Text: G. L\u00f8v\u00f8 (NGU)\/ Maja Sojtaric (CAGE)<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Four or five million years ago, the extent of sea ice cover in Arctic was much smaller\u00a0than it is today. \u00a0The maximum winter extent did not reach its current location until around 2.6 million years ago. This new knowledge can now be used to improve future climate models.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;We have not seen an ice free period in the Arctic Ocean for 2,6 million years. However, we may see it in our lifetime. The new IPCC report shows that the expanse of the Arctic ice cover has been quickly shrinking since the 70-ies, with 2012 being the year of the sea ice minimum&#8221;, says marine geologist Jochen Knies.<\/p>\n<p>He is a research scientist at CAGE and\u00a0Geological Survey of Norway (NGU).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2137\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2137\" style=\"width: 1280px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/jochen-knies.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2137 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/jochen-knies.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Gudmund L\u00f8v\u00f8\" width=\"1280\" height=\"886\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2137\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jochen Knies. Photo: Gudmund L\u00f8v\u00f8<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In an international collaborative project, Jochen Knies has studied the trend in the sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean from 5.3 to 2.6 million years ago. That was the last time the Earth experienced a long period with a climate that, on average, was warm before cold ice ages began to alternate with mild interglacials.<\/p>\n<h2>Fossils reveal past\u00a0sea ice extent<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cWhen we studied molecules from certain plant fossils preserved in sediments at the bottom of the ocean, we found that large expanses of the Arctic Ocean were free of sea ice until four million years ago,\u201d Knies tells us.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cLater, the sea ice gradually expanded from the very high Arctic before reaching, for the first time, what we now see as the boundary of the winter ice around 2.6 million years ago ,\u201d says Jochen Knies.<\/p>\n<h2>Arctic Ocean likely to be completely free of sea ice<\/h2>\n<p>The research is of great interest \u00a0because present-day global warming is strongly tied to a shrinking ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. By the end of the present century, the Arctic Ocean seems likely to be completely free of sea ice, especially in summer.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2138\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2138\" style=\"width: 1280px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/satellite-image-of-the-arctic-sea-ice-extent-in-2012.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2138 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/satellite-image-of-the-arctic-sea-ice-extent-in-2012.jpg\" alt=\"Image: NASA\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/720;\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2138\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Satellite data reveal how the new record low Arctic sea ice extent, from Sept. 16, 2012, compares to the average minimum extent over the past 30 years (in yellow). Image: NASA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text vk_txt tw-ta tw-text-small\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\">This may be of\u00a0major significance for the entire planet &#8216;s climate system. Polar oceans, their temperature and salinity, are important drivers for world ocean circulation that distributes heat in the oceans. It also affects the heat distribution in the atmosphere. Trying to anticipate future changes in this finely tuned system, is a priority for climate researchers. For that they use climate modeling , which relies on good data.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur results can be used as a tool in climate modelling to show us what kind of climate we can expect at the turn of the next century. There is no doubt that this will be one of many tools the UN Climate Panel will make use of, too. The extent of the ice in the Arctic has always been very uncertain but, through this work, we show how the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean developed before all the land-based ice masses in the Northern Hemisphere were established,\u201d Jochen Knies explains.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Seabed samples from Spitsbergen<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A deep well into the ocean floor northwest of Spitsbergen was the basis for this research. It was drilled as part of the International Ocean Drilling Programme, (IODP), to determine the age of the ocean-floor sediments in the area. Then, by analysing the sediments for chemical fossils made by certain microscopic plants that live in sea ice and the surrounding oceans, Knies and his co-workers were able to fingerprint the environmental conditions as they changed through time.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2139\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2139\" style=\"width: 1280px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/sea-ice-diatoms.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2139 size-large lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/sea-ice-diatoms.jpg\" alt=\"A microphotograph of sea-ice diatoms (Pleurosigma stuxbergii), which scientists study to describe the extent of sea ice in the Arctic. Photo: Thomas A. Brown and Simon T. Belt\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1024\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1280px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1280\/1024;\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2139\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A microphotograph of sea-ice diatoms (Pleurosigma stuxbergii), which scientists study to describe the extent of sea ice in the Arctic. Photo: Thomas A. Brown and Simon T. Belt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cOne thing these layers of sediment enable us to do is to \u201cread\u201d when the sea ice reached that precise point,\u201d Jochen Knies tells us.<\/p>\n<p>The scientists believe that the growth of sea ice until 2.6 million years ago was partly due to the considerable exhumation of the land masses in the circum-Arctic that occurred during this period. \u201cSignificant changes in altitudes above sea level in several parts of the Arctic, including Svalbard and Greenland, with build-up of ice on land, stimulated the distribution of the sea ice,\u201d Jochen Knies says.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIn addition, the opening of the Bering Strait between America and Russia and the closure of the Panama Canal in central America at the same time resulted in a huge supply of fresh water to the Arctic, which also led to the formation of more sea ice in the Arctic Ocean,\u201d Jochen Knies adds.<\/p>\n<p>All the large ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere were formed\u00a0around 2.6 million years ago.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>International effort<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Scientists at \u00a0CAGE, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NGU, University of Plymouth, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Stellenbosch University in South Africa and Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats in Barcelona have collaborated in this work.<\/p>\n<p>The results of this new study are published in Nature Communications.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reference<\/strong><br \/>\nNature Communications, 5: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2014\/141128\/ncomms6608\/abs\/ncomms6608.html#supplementary-information\">The emergence of modern sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean.<\/a><br \/>\nJochen Knies, Patricia Cabedo-Sanz, Simon T. Belt, Soma Baranwal, Susanne Fietz, Antoni Rosell-Mel\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;We have not seen an ice free period in the Arctic Ocean for 2,6 million &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/2014\/11\/28\/the-emergence-of-modern-sea-ice-in-the-arctic-ocean-2-6-million-years-ago\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00abThe emergence of modern sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, 2.6 million years ago\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123546,"featured_media":342,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-338","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The emergence of modern sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, 2.6 million years ago - CAGE, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/2014\/11\/28\/the-emergence-of-modern-sea-ice-in-the-arctic-ocean-2-6-million-years-ago\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The emergence of modern sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, 2.6 million years ago - CAGE, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&#8220;We have not seen an ice free period in the Arctic Ocean for 2,6 million &hellip; 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