{"id":4254,"date":"2020-01-13T17:00:53","date_gmt":"2020-01-13T16:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/?p=4254"},"modified":"2023-04-04T10:30:59","modified_gmt":"2023-04-04T08:30:59","slug":"climate-gas-budgets-highly-overestimate-methane-discharge-from-arctic-ocean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/2020\/01\/13\/climate-gas-budgets-highly-overestimate-methane-discharge-from-arctic-ocean\/","title":{"rendered":"Climate gas budgets highly overestimate methane discharge from Arctic Ocean"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>There is a huge seasonal variability in methane seeps in the Arctic Ocean, according to a new paper in Nature Geoscience. \u201cDuring cold periods the emissions from these seeps are almost halved, as if they are hibernating\u201d, says Benedicte Ferr\u00e9, the first author of the paper.<\/h4>\n<h6>Text: Maja Sojtaric<\/h6>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>The atmospheric concentration of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, has almost tripled since the beginning of industrialisation. Methane emissions from natural sources are poorly understood. This is especially the case for emissions from the Arctic Ocean.<\/p>\n<p>The Arctic Ocean is a harsh working environment. That is why many of the scientific expeditions are conducted in the summer and early autumn months, when the weather and the waters are more predictable. Most extrapolations regarding the amount of methane discharge from the ocean floor, are thus based on observations made in the warmer months.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe title=\"Temperature variations in the Arctic OCean\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oci4fn0lPUQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><em>Video caption: There are\u00a0effectively\u00a0only two seasons in the\u00a0High\u00a0Arctic: a long winter and a milder summer season.\u00a0Arctic Ocean bottom water temperatures vary greatly from winter to summer season. This is also evident in the study area offshore Svalbard. Credit: B. Ferr\u00e9\/CAGE,\u00a0UiT.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis means that the present climate gas calculations are disregarding the possible seasonal temperature variations. We have found that seasonal differences in bottom water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean vary from 1,7\u00b0C in May to 3,5\u00b0C in August. The methane seeps in colder conditions decrease emissions by 43 percent in May compared to August.\u201d says oceanographer Benedicte Ferr\u00e9, researcher at CAGE Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate at UiT The Arctic University of Norway. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-019-0515-3\">The study is published in Nature Geoscience.<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cRight now, there is a large overestimation in the methane budget. We cannot just multiply what we find in August by 12 and get a correct annual estimate. Our study clearly shows that the system hibernates during the cold season.\u201d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe title=\"Methane Gas Flare Locations in Arctic Ocean\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/prGelx_vOVs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><em>Video caption: Gas flare locations in the study area. The yellow dots represent\u00a0seeps\u00a0observed\u00a0during the winter survey,\u00a0while the\u00a0red dots represent\u00a0seeps observed during\u00a0the\u00a0summer survey.\u00a0Methane seeps during the colder season decrease their emissions by 43 percent.\u00a0Credit: B. Ferr\u00e9\/CAGE,\u00a0UiT.\u00a0:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>A frozen lid on top of large methane accumulations<\/h3>\n<p>The study was conducted west of the Norwegian Arctic Archipelago Svalbard \u2013 an area affected by a branch of North Atlantic Ocean current called West Spitzbergen Current. The observations were made at 400 meters water depth, where the ocean floor is known for its many methane seeps.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe see bubbles from the methane seeps as flares during echo sounder surveys. There are plenty of them in this area. They probably originate from free gas migrating upwards from reservoirs, through sedimentary layers or tectonic faults.\u201d says Ferr\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>The area in question is at the limit of so-called gas hydrate stability zone. Gas hydrates are solid, icy compounds of water and, often, methane. They remain solid beneath the ocean floor as long as the temperatures are cold and the pressure is high enough.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2444\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2444\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2444 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/burning-ice-01-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"climate change, gas release, ice that burns. ice on fire. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/492\/2019\/02\/burning-ice-01-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/492\/2019\/02\/burning-ice-01-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/492\/2019\/02\/burning-ice-01-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/492\/2019\/02\/burning-ice-01-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2444\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas hydrates contain huge amounts of methane trapped in an ice-like structure. It is known as the ice that burns, as the solid form quickly dissolves in warmer temperatures, releasing the potent climate gas that is highly flammable. Photo: Anna Silyakova<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The bottom water temperatures affect the extent of the boundary of this stability zone .<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe hydrates form from the upward moving methane gas, in the uppermost sediments. This can happen rapidly given sufficiently cold-water temperatures. So, we get this hydrate lid containing these large accumulations of the greenhouse gas and slowing down the rate of emissions during cold periods. This lid depletes during summertime, with warmer temperatures. The bottom-water warming, affects the equilibrium and we get seasonal variations of the methane emissions.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><iframe title=\"Echo sounder survey of methane flares in Arctic OCean\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/x2oEvc9lzqk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" data-load-mode=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><em>Video caption: Methane is released as bubbles which can be seen as flares in echo sounder surveys. Here is an example of a marked difference between flares observed in winter (May) and Summer (August). Credit: B. Ferr\u00e9\/CAGE, UiT.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Seasonal changes strongly affect methane consuming bacteria<\/h3>\n<p>Luckily, more than 90 percent of the methane released from the ocean floor never reaches the atmosphere. Partly due to the physical properties of the ocean itself such as currents and water column stratification.<\/p>\n<p>Methane is also consumed by specific bacteria (methanotrophs) in the water column. These are greatly affected by the seasonal variations described here. To a surprising extent.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe activity of the methanotrophic bacteria decreases a lot in the colder periods. Which is somewhat logical as there is less methane to consume.&#8221; says co-author of the study Helge Niemann, professor in geomicrobiology at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nioz.nl\/en\/about\/organisation\/staff\/helge-niemann\">Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;However, methane discharge decreases by 43 percent, and one would think that bacterial activity decreased accordingly. But the bacterial activity goes down by some orders of magnitude in spite of it still being methane in the water. There are very few methanotrophs in the system during winter.\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The seasonal changes have been important for understanding primary production in the ocean for a long time. But biogeochemical processes, such as methane oxidation by bacteria, have not been considered to be strongly influenced by seasonal changes.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>\u201cIn this paper we prove that assumption wrong\u201d, states Niemann.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Next step is to do more winter cruises to account for seasonal changes related to West Spitzbergen current all the way from the Norwegian Arctic to East Siberian shelf.<\/p>\n<h3>Potential tipping point<\/h3>\n<p>How methane will react in future ocean temperature scenarios is still unknown. The Arctic Ocean is expected to warm between 3\u00b0C and a whopping 13\u00b0C in the future, due to climate change. The study in question does not look into the future, but focuses on correcting the existing estimates in the methane emissions budget. However:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe need to calculate the peculiarities of the system well, because the oceans are warming. The system such as this is bound to be affected by the warming ocean waters in the future.\u201d says Benedicte Ferr\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>A consistently warm bottom water temperature over a 12-month period will have an effect on this system.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>&#8220;At 400 meters water depth we are already at the limit of the gas hydrate stability. If these waters warm merely by 1,3\u00b0C this hydrate lid will permanently lift, and the release will be constant.\u201d says Ferr\u00e9.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ref: Ferr\u00e9, B. et. al. (2020) Reduced methane seepage from Arctic sediments during cold bottom-water conditions, Nature Geoscience. DOI:10.1038\/s41561-019-0515-3<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There is a huge seasonal variability in methane seeps in the Arctic Ocean, according to &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more-link\"><a href=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/2020\/01\/13\/climate-gas-budgets-highly-overestimate-methane-discharge-from-arctic-ocean\/\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \u00abClimate gas budgets highly overestimate methane discharge from Arctic Ocean\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123546,"featured_media":4267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Climate gas budgets highly overestimate methane discharge from Arctic Ocean - CAGE, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/cage\/2020\/01\/13\/climate-gas-budgets-highly-overestimate-methane-discharge-from-arctic-ocean\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Climate gas budgets highly overestimate methane discharge from Arctic Ocean - CAGE, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There is a huge seasonal variability in methane seeps in the Arctic Ocean, according to &hellip; 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