{"id":149,"date":"2026-03-23T15:08:56","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T15:08:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blueprint.gnist.dev\/?page_id=149"},"modified":"2026-05-26T09:02:27","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T09:02:27","slug":"methods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/methods\/","title":{"rendered":"Methods"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f3a2fc10 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\">Methods<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2f21ba8c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-custom-phase-1-light-background-color has-background has-custom-3-font-size is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-47a49ab9 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/03\/info.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-80\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Search this page<\/strong> with keyboard: <strong>PC<\/strong>: Ctr + F  \/  <strong>Mac<\/strong>: Cmd + F<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Art-based-methods\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Art-based Methods<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Approaches that use creative and aesthetic practices (e.g., visual arts, storytelling, and performance) to inform, inspire, and engage people in research processes. These methods foster deeper emotional connections and value-based understanding but also stimulate imagination and the generation of innovative ideas. The kind of conversation and data that Art-based Methods bring forth tend to be different to those offered by &laquo;traditional&raquo; social science methods. Using alternative, creative methods is a good way of broadening the accessibility of research and interest of wider groups, as not everyone understands or wants to participate in classic research settings. Creative methods can facilitate transformative learning and action, enabling participants to explore complex environmental and social challenges through art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pearson <em>et al.<\/em> (2018) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/edepot.wur.nl\/441523\">Arts-based methods for transformative engagement: A toolkit<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gibbs, L. (2014) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1474474013487484?casa_token=IgIuHOK0UmoAAAAA%3ANOfxn5YPOdq1LI5uagTSfwgceE7XMMVBLMLy8B6f_oe4leFNCGkPAMAFxvSqgt31hEps5QrXG04\">Arts-science collaboration, embodied research methods, and the politics of belonging: \u2018SiteWorks\u2019 and the Shoalhaven River, Australia<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wang<em> et al.<\/em> (2017) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.library.ualberta.ca\/ari\/index.php\/ari\/article\/view\/27370\/21374\">Arts-based Methods in Socially Engaged Research Practice: A Classification Framework<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Campoli (2022) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.open.ac.uk\/blogs\/design\/art-based-research-methods-steam-and-global-challenges\/#:~:text=Art%2DBased%20Research%20(ABR),process%20or%20access%20research%20outcomes.\">Art-based methods, STE(A)M and global challenges<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arts-based research (2008) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/ency\/edvol\/download\/research\/chpt\/artsbased-research.pdf\">the SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Bayesian-Additive-Regression-Tree-(BART)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bayesian Additive Regression Tree (BART)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A prediction model\/machine learning approach that enables you to examine which factors have the most influence on your system and by using that, predict responses in areas with less data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chipman<em> et al.<\/em> (2010) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/projecteuclid.org\/journals\/annals-of-applied-statistics\/volume-4\/issue-1\/BART-Bayesian-additive-regression-trees\/10.1214\/09-AOAS285.full\">BART: Bayesian additive regression trees<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tan &amp; Roy (2019) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6800811\/\">Bayesian additive regression trees and the General BART model<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Brainstorming\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Brainstorming<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A group-based approach to enable participants to build on each other&#8217;s thoughts\/ideas. It could be used to e.g., identify&nbsp;who influences or is influenced by activities, and in what ways, or to identify potential impacts of a solution. Use notes or digital platforms to collaborate and help people build their thoughts \/ ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rawlings (n.d.) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.futurelearn.com\/info\/courses\/developing-ideas-and-content-for-your-digital-strategy\/0\/steps\/388039\">Brainstorming techniques<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0160ker &amp; Flori\u010di\u0107 (2020) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/indecs.eu\/2020\/indecs2020-pp258-270.pdf\">Living Lab \u2013 Creative environment and thinking techniques for tourism development<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Causal-loop-diagram-(CLD)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Causal Loop Diagram (CLD)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A visualisation that shows how different variables in a system are causally interrelated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tip (2011) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/thesystemsthinker.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/pdfs\/220109pk.pdf\">Guidelines for drawing causal loop diagrams<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Haraldsson (2004) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Hoerdur-Haraldsson\/publication\/258261003_Introduction_to_system_thinking_and_causal_loop_diagrams\/links\/5bcceed6458515f7d9d01e81\/Introduction-to-system-thinking-and-causal-loop-diagrams.pdf\">Introduction to systems and causal loop diagrams&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coletta<em> et al.<\/em> (2021) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www-sciencedirect-com.mime.uit.no\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479720315930\/\">Causal Loop Diagrams for supporting Nature Based&nbsp;Solutions&nbsp;participatory design and performance assessment<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Cognitive-mapping-(CM)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cognitive Mapping (CM)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A visualisation that shows a group\u2019s beliefs and ideas to understand complex decision-making, map actors\u2019 values, and can aid in showing how different ideas might affect policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fohlmeister <em>et al<\/em>. (2020) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phusicos.eu\/globalassets\/bilder\/eksterne-prosjektsider\/phusicos\/publications\/deliverable-d3-2.pdf\">Starter Toolbox for Stakeholder Knowledge Mapping to Co-Design Nature-Based Solutions at Case Study Sites<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ponce <em>et al. <\/em>(2023) &#8211; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link-springer-com.mime.uit.no\/article\/10.1007\/s12008-022-01192-6\">A strategic decision framework using soft-computing&nbsp;for&nbsp;agri-food&nbsp;production:&nbsp;case&nbsp;study&nbsp;living&nbsp;lab&nbsp;in&nbsp;universities<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Castro (2022) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S146290112200209X\">Systems-thinking for environmental policy coherence: Stakeholder knowledge, fuzzy logic, and causal reasoning<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Consequence-analysis\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequence analysis<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Assessing the potential effects of a solution, including intended and unintended consequences across ecological, social, and economic dimensions. This helps identify trade\u2011offs, risks, and who may benefit or be negatively affected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bohacikova &amp; P\u00e9rez (n.d.) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gexcon.com\/resources\/blog\/consequence-analysis-10-things-to-consider\/\">Consequence analysis: 10 things to consider before performing your study<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Genest (2025) <a href=\"https:\/\/investigationsquality.com\/2025\/04\/10\/cause-consequence-analysis-cca-a-powerful-tool-for-risk-assessment\/\">Cause-Consequence Analysis (CCA): A Powerful Tool for Risk Assessment<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Cost-Benefit-Analysis\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cost-Benefit Analysis<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Cost-Benefit Analysis is a method used to assess whether the overall benefits of a solution outweigh its total costs. It involves identifying, quantifying, and (where possible) monetising both positive and negative impacts over a given time period. This approach supports decision-making by providing a clear comparison between expected gains and required investments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/05\/Cost-benefit-analysis.docx\">Cost-Benefit Analysis<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/05\/Economic-Evaluation-Worksheet.docx\">Economic Evaluation Worksheet<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Cost-effectiveness-Analysis\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cost-effectiveness Analysis<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Cost\u2011effectiveness analysis is used to compare solutions (or design options) that pursue the same objective by estimating the cost required to achieve one unit of outcome (e.g., \u20ac\/ton CO\u2082 reduced, \u20ac\/hectare restored). It is particularly useful when benefits are difficult or inappropriate to monetise, and supports selecting or optimising options that deliver the greatest outcome per resource invested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/05\/Cost-effectiveness-analysis.docx\">Cost-effectiveness analysis<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/05\/Economic-Evaluation-Worksheet.docx\">Economic Evaluation Worksheet<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Delphi-method\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Delphi Method<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>An iterative approach for selecting solutions on the basis of expert knowledge, and participant perspectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.1000minds.com\/decision-making\/delphi-method\">1000 minds (2026) &#8211; The Delphi method for group decision-making<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Design-thinking\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Design Thinking<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Design Thinking is a five-phase user-focused method that guides you to empathise, define, ideate, prototype, and validate solutions with a user community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Doorley <em>et al. <\/em>(2018) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/dschool.stanford.edu\/tools\/design-thinking-bootleg\"> Design thinking bootleg<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>For a deep dive into the latest literature on Design Thinking see: <\/em>Mayer &amp; Schwemmle (2025) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/caim.12626\">The impact of design thinking and its underlying theoretical mechanisms: A review of the literature.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"DPSIR-\/-DAPSIR\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DPSIR \/&nbsp;DAPSIR<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Frameworks to map causal links between human activities and ecological changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Elliott <em>et al. <\/em>(2017) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X17302692\">\u201cAnd DPSIR begat DAPSI(W)R(M)!\u201d &#8211; A unifying framework for marine environmental management<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Enablers-and-barriers-mapping\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enablers and Barriers Mapping<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A systematic process of identifying and analysing factors that support and facilitate transformation (enablers) or &nbsp;obstacles that impede progress, like resistance to change or lack of knowledge (barriers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Berberi <em>et al.<\/em> (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13549839.2023.2238750\">Enablers, barriers, and future considerations for living lab effectiveness in environmental and agricultural sustainability transitions: a review of studies evaluating living labs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aniche <em>et al. <\/em>(2024) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1462901124002077\"> Boosting co-creation of Nature\u2010based Solutions within Living Labs: Interrelating enablers using Interpretive Structural Modelling<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hurley <em>et al.<\/em> (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk\/items\/b9be9bb5-cb6d-4f39-bcdf-4ba777ed0cd1\">Barriers and enablers to uptake of agroecological and regenerative farming practices, and stakeholder views about &#8216;living labs&#8217;<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Herth <em>et al.<\/em> (2025) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clpl.2024.100078\">How can campus living labs thrive to reach sustainable solutions?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Expert-knowledge\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Expert Knowledge<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Expert knowledge can be defined as substantial information on a particular topic that is not widely known by others. The expert knowledge research approach systematically collects and applies this specialised knowledge and experience of experts, to generate insights, support decision-making, and address problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brown (n.d.) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/glginsights.com\/articles\/how-to-effectively-interview-a-subject-matter-expert\/\">How to effectively conduct an expert interview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Charnley et al. (2017) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2017.04.002\">Evaluating the best available social science for natural resource management decision-making<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cooke &amp; McDonald (1986) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PROC.1986.13643\">A formal methodology for acquiring and representing expert knowledge<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meuser &amp; Nagel (2009) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/9780230244276_2\">The expert interview and changes in knowledge production<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"External-assessment\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">External Assessment<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>An evaluation conducted by actors external to the project, in which characteristics, processes, or performance are examined against frameworks, standards, or criteria developed outside that project.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vervoort <em>et al.<\/em> (2024) <a href=\"https:\/\/eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Farodes.hes-so.ch%2Fnanna%2Frecord%2F15133%2Ffiles%2FPonomareva_2024_AharmonizedassessmentmethodandKPIsforevaluatingLivingLabs_ISPIM.pdf%3FwithWatermark%3D0%26withMetadata%3D0%26registerDownload%3D1%26version%3D1&amp;data=05%7C02%7Clinn.bruholt%40uit.no%7Cc39dba7a447e497c8e5908deaba6f11a%7C4e7f212d74db4563a57b8ae44ed05526%7C0%7C0%7C639136930828023992%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=%2FmrjIqjfBAHUlQpT1rmLE074UMsBGA81QbLzHXaBKIQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\">An harmonized assessment method and KPIs for evaluating living labs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Feasibility-analysis\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Feasibility Analysis<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Feasibility assessment helps determine whether a solution can realistically be implemented and sustained under current financial, institutional, and governance conditions. It is especially useful in early\u2011stage or low\u2011data contexts where decisions still need to be made, because it focuses on affordability, funding availability, constraints, and implementation capacity rather than on monetising outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/05\/Feasability-analysis.docx\">Feasibility analysis<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/05\/Economic-Evaluation-Worksheet.docx\">Economic Evaluation Worksheet<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Fuzzy-cognitive-mapping-(FCM)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Participatory, semi-quantitative participatory modelling technique to map and understand the complex systems in a Living Lab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fohlmeister <em>et al<\/em>. (2020) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.phusicos.eu\/globalassets\/bilder\/eksterne-prosjektsider\/phusicos\/publications\/deliverable-d3-2.pdf\"> Starter Toolbox for Stakeholder Knowledge Mapping to Co-Design Nature-Based Solutions at Case Study Sites<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ponce <em>et al.<\/em> (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/link-springer-com.mime.uit.no\/article\/10.1007\/s12008-022-01192-6\">A strategic decision framework using soft-computing&nbsp;for&nbsp;agri-food&nbsp;production:&nbsp;case&nbsp;study&nbsp;living&nbsp;lab&nbsp;in&nbsp;universities<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Castro (2022) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S146290112200209X\">Systems-thinking for environmental policy coherence: Stakeholder knowledge, fuzzy logic, and causal reasoning<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tiwari<em> et al.<\/em> (2025) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/17\/10863\">Public perceptions of climate risks, vulnerability, and adaptation strategies: Fuzzy cognitive mapping in Irish and Spanish living labs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tiwari <em>et al.<\/em> (2022) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2665972725000996\">Building climate resilience in coastal city living labs using ecosystem-based adaptation: A systematic review<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Gamified-approach\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gamified Approach<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Involves the use of game design elements, such as feedback, rewards, and competition. It is utilised in a game-like context to enhance user engagement, motivation, and to influence behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gugerell (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oekom.de\/_files_media\/zeitschriften\/artikel\/GAIA_2023_03_292.pdf\">Serious games for sustainability transformations: participatory research methods for sustainability\u2010toolkit# 7<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Latune <em>et al. <\/em>(2024) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/nss\/2024048\">Analysing the potential of serious games to raise new research questions on social-ecological systems<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cellina et al. (2016) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/files.ifi.uzh.ch\/hilty\/t\/Literature_by_RQs\/RQ%20215\/2016_Cellina_Rudel_De%20Luca_Eco-feedback_and_gamification_elements.pdf\">Eco-feedback and gamification elements for sustainability: the GoEco! living lab experiment<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hamari, Koivisto &amp; Sarsa (2014) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/379174871\/2014-hamari-et-al-does-gamification-work-pdf\">Does gamification work? A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Gantt-chart\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gantt Chart<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A visual project management tool that represents a schedule over time using a horizontal bar chart, where tasks, duration, and their sequencing are displayed to support planning, coordination, and monitoring of project activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kanojia (2026) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/plane.so\/blog\/what-is-a-gantt-chart-definition-components-and-best-practices\"> What is a Gantt chart? Definition, components, and best practices<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Project Management Institute (2022) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pmi.org\/disciplined-agile\/agile\/agilegantt\">Gantt Charts and Agile Planning<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Deliberative-futures-methods\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deliberative Futures Methods<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Deliberative future methods have proven effective in fostering decisions that tackle complex, long-term environmental challenges. By fostering a shared vision built on diverse perspectives, ethical considerations, and creative imagination of alternative futures, these approaches can inspire and motivate people to actively participate in transformative change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Revez <em>et al. <\/em>(2020) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucc.ie\/en\/media\/projectsandcentres\/imagining2050\/Imagining2050Toolkit.pdf\">DELIBERATIVE FUTURES TOOLKIT<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vervoort, van Haasbergen &amp; Beaudoin (2025) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uu.nl\/sites\/default\/files\/Visioning%20and%20societal%20transformation%20-%20Guidelines%20and%20inspirations%202025.pdf\">Visioning and societal transformation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moore &amp; Milkoreit (2020) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/online-ucpress-edu.mime.uit.no\/elementa\/article\/8\/1\/081\/114610\/Imagination-and-transformations-to-sustainable-and\"> Imagination and transformations to sustainable and just futures<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Interview\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Interviews<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A qualitative data collection method involving a structured, semi-structured, or unstructured conversation conducted with one or more persons to gather in-depth insights, perspectives, and experiences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/education-research\/evaluation\/tools-and-resources-for-evaluation\/interviews\/best-practice-for-interviews\/\">I<\/a>mperial College London (n.d.) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/education-research\/evaluation\/tools-and-resources-for-evaluation\/interviews\/best-practice-for-interviews\/\">Best practice for interviews<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Berkovic (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/oercollective.caul.edu.au\/qualitative-research\/chapter\/13\/\">Interviews<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jamshed (2014) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.mime.uit.no\/articles\/PMC4194943\/\">Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Matchmaking-event\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Matchmaking Event<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Bringing potential actors together to foster connections and to potentially create long-lasting partnerships. Matchmaking events must help the participants to learn about each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">For an example of what a matchmaking event could look like, see:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Western Balkans Info Hub (2026) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/westernbalkans-infohub.eu\/events\/nati00ns-soil-living-labs-online-matchmaking-event\/#:~:text=NATI00NS%20Soil%20Living%20Labs%20Online,Website\">NATI00NS Soil Living Labs online matchmaking event.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Milestone-planning\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Milestone Planning<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A project planning approach that identifies and schedules key events or checkpoints (i.e., milestones) within a timeline to track progress, coordinate activities, and ensure the achievement of major objectives, often structured through phases or iterative cycles in a Living Lab\u2019s process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Eby (2023): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smartsheet.com\/content\/project-milestones\">The ultimate guide to identifying, setting, tracking, and sharing project milestones<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Mutual-mobilisation-and-learning\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mutual Mobilisation and Learning<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Mutual Mobilisation and Learning workshops are an intense but rewarding way to get participants to learn about the issues from each other. The approach is highly adaptable, founded on encouraging people to learn from each other as they discover the deeper drivers that influence the issues, and arrive at a shared understanding of the issues they face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Paiu <em>et al. <\/em>(n.d.) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e514ec94fc&amp;appId=PPGMS\"><em>Using MML in capacity building \u2013 Good practices and recommendations for successful results delivering a comprehensive description of activities and experiences of the MML workshops.<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Nominal-group-technique--\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nominal Group Technique&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A method that combines brainstorming and decision-making to prioritise solutions while ensuring equal participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hug\u00e9, &amp; Mukherjee (2018) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/322405627_The_nominal_group_technique_in_ecology_conservation_Application_and_challenges\">The nominal group technique in ecology &amp; conservation: Application and challenges.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Participatory-mapping\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Participatory Mapping<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A participatory method in which individuals or groups contribute their knowledge, insights, and perspectives to create or enrich spatial representations through maps or GIS (Geographic Information System) tools, to support planning, analysis, and decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Metke (2025) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/sustainabilitymethods.org\/index.php\/Participatory_GIS\">Participatory GIS<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maptionnaire (2023) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.maptionnaire.com\/blog\/guide-to-community-mapping-for-planning\"> A comprehensive guide to community mapping for planning professionals<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biggs et al. (2021) &#8211;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.mime.uit.no\/10.4324\/9781003021339\">The Routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Participant-observation\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Participant Observation<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Observing behaviour and interactions of participants in a setting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>George (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/methodology\/participant-observation\/\">What Is Participant Observation? | Definition &amp; Examples.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"PESTLE\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PESTLE<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A tool to analyse external factors, including Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental (i.e., PESTLE), affecting a project.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sayani (2025) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/ijmar.net\/index.php\/ijmar\/article\/view\/25\/7\">Towards Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods: A PESTLE Examination of Lake Victoria\u2019s Fisheries.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oliveira <em>et al. <\/em>(2026) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.mime.uit.no\/10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2025.108067\">Can&nbsp;recognising&nbsp;pluralistic&nbsp;worldviews&nbsp;in marine social-ecological&nbsp;systems&nbsp;help&nbsp;achieve&nbsp;sustainable&nbsp;scenarios?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Power-dynamics\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Power Dynamics Analysis<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Examining how influence, authority, and decision\u2011making power are distributed among actors involved in or affected by the solution. This helps identify who can support or block implementation, whose interests are prioritised, and whether some groups may be excluded or marginalised in the process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Othering and Belonging Institute (2025) <a href=\"https:\/\/belonging.berkeley.edu\/transformative-research-toolkit\/power-analysis\">Power analysis<\/a> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Littlesis (n.d.) <a href=\"https:\/\/littlesis.org\/toolkit\">Map the power toolkit<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Realist-evaluation\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Realist Evaluation<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>An&nbsp;approach to evaluation that focuses on understanding what works, for whom, and why, focusing on people\u2019s responses that result in change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Joly <em>et al.<\/em> (2015) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/reseval\/rvv015\">ASIRPA: A comprehensive theory-based approach to assessing the societal impacts of a research organization<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For detailed information see Pawson &amp; Tilley (2004) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/cnxus.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/RE_chapter.pdf\">Realist evaluation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Regression-analysis\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Regression Analysis<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A statistical method to quantify relationships between environmental and ecological or social outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Green (n.d.) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mrgscience.com\/regression-analysis.html\">Regression analysis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Scoping-(workshop)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scoping (workshop)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Collaborative sessions to define the scope,&nbsp;objectives, and priorities of a project or research initiative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A useful overview of how to run a detailed scoping workshop can be found at V\u00e1rkonyi (2024) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/verycreatives.com\/blog\/scoping-workshop-agenda\">How to run a Scoping Workshop [Example Agendas]<\/a> &#8211; tailor to your local context<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The EU-funded A-AAGORA project harnessed community perspectives using a workshop worksheet developed by Kiel University. This worksheet is available <a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/04\/Identifying-drivers-of-cange-scoping-worksheet.docx\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For a deep dive into the theory behind scoping, see Biggs <em>et al. <\/em>(2021) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi-org.mime.uit.no\/10.4324\/9781003021339\">The Routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems&nbsp;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Self-assessment\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Self-assessment<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A process where individuals or organisations evaluate their own performance, strengths, and weaknesses to&nbsp;identify&nbsp;areas for improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Nguyen (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/feedbackfruits.com\/blog\/what-is-self-assessment-best-strategies-to-promote-self-regulation-and-autonomy\">What is self-assessment? Best strategies to promote self-regulation and autonomy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overdiek &amp; Genova (2021) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thuas.com\/sites\/hhs\/files\/documents\/Evaluation%20LL_Nov2021_Overdiek_Genova.pdf\">Evaluating living labs? \u2013 an overview of existing methods and tools<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Snowballing\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Snowballing<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A participatory method where initial participants recruit\/suggest further relevant participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Oregon State University (2026) \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/research.oregonstate.edu\/ori\/irb\/policies-and-guidance-investigators\/guidance\/snowball-sampling\">Snowball Sampling<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Durham<em> et al. <\/em>(2014) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biodiversa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/stakeholder-engagement-handbook.pdf\">The&nbsp;BiodivERsA&nbsp;Stakeholder Engagement Handbook.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Storyboarding\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Storyboarding<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A tool to co-create a compelling storyline for visions and conveying ideas clearly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hanington &amp; Martin (2019) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.super.so\/9bd43d2f-3d87-4399-bcf0-c72619825ed8\/files\/a8e97f99-0b36-4e2e-9dd7-3def0f66add8.pdf\">Universal methods of design expanded and revised<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thromson et al. (2020) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/inspire.europamedia.org\/assets\/content\/attachments\/ACT_D2.7_Co-creation_Toolkit_Version2.0_31AUG2021.pdf\">Community of practice Co-creation Toolkit v. 2.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Three-step-model-(FCM,-Bayesian,-Structure-equation-model)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">System modelling tools<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Formal modelling of systems for identifying and understanding systems, predicting their behaviours, and devising modifications to them in order to produce desired effects<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smith, Madsen &amp; Barton (n.d.) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/files.ipbes.net\/ipbes-web-prod-public-files\/methodfactsheetbbn.pdf\">Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) Method factsheet<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/abares\/aclump\/documents\/mcas-s\/Multi-Criteria-Analysis_Handout.pdf\">Tutorial: Multi-criteria analysis A framework for spatial decision making<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.seslink.org\/methods-2\/agent-based-modelling\/\">Agent-based modelling to explore the co-evolution of social-ecological systems<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glendell <em>et al. <\/em>(2025) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43621-025-00987-3\">Systems thinking and modelling to support transformative change: key lessons from inter-disciplinary analysis of socio-ecological systems in applied land systems research<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"SWOT\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SWOT<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>Tool to evaluate a solution\u2019s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/livinglab.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/543\/2026\/04\/SWOT_Template.docx\">SWOT template<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.betterevaluation.org\/methods-approaches\/methods\/swot-analysis\">Reichwein (n.d.) &#8211; SWOT Analysis.<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helms &amp; Nixon (2010) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17554251011064837\">Exploring SWOT analysis \u2013 where are we now? A review of academic research<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FAO (2005) &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/ak483e00.pdf\">Participatory policy development for sustainable agriculture and rural development: Guidelines from the Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development \u2013 Farming Systems Evolution Project<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Theory-of-Change\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Theory of Change<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A way to comprehensively describe and illustrate the how and why a desired change is expected to happen in a particular context. It helps you to link activities \u2192 outputs \u2192 outcomes \u2192 impacts.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Government Analysis Function. (n.d.) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/analysisfunction.civilservice.gov.uk\/policy-store\/the-analysis-function-theory-of-change-toolkit\">Theory of Change toolkit<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Center for Theory of Change (2026) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theoryofchange.org\/what-is-theory-of-change\/\"> What is Theory of Change?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kunming-Montreal Biodiversity Framework (2024) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/gbf\/introduction#:~:text=9.,harmony%20with%20nature%20by%202050\"> Introduction to the GBF (Decision V\/6)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mashi <em>et al.<\/em> (2024) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/icisk.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Impact-monitoring-and-evaluation-1.pdf\">Impact monitoring and evaluation in living labs: Overarching theory of change narrative<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Three-Horizons-Framework\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Three Horizons Framework<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A visioning approach that shows how solutions can bring you from the current status to a desired future new system. Also useful for selecting solutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>NPC (n.d.) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thinknpc.org\/resource-hub\/systems-practice-toolkit\/the-three-horizons-framework\/#:~:text=Home%20%C2%BB%20Resource%20hub%20%C2%BB%20Systems%20Practice,represents%20the%20desired%20future%20system.\">The Three Horizons Framework<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Two-way-communication-workshop-\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Two-way Communication Workshop&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A structured, facilitated session in which participants actively exchange knowledge, ideas, and feedback through interactive dialogue, enabling mutual understanding and collaborative learning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mathur (2026) &#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.simpplr.com\/glossary\/two-way-communication\/\"> What is two-way communication<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moiso (2024): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sessionlab.com\/blog\/planning-a-workshop\/\">A step-by-step guide to planning a workshop<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PREPSOIL (n.d.): <a href=\"https:\/\/prepsoil.eu\/living-labs-and-lighthouses\/conceptual-framework-workshop-kit#:~:text=A%20Tool%20for%20Action:%20The,and%20what%20goals%20to%20prioritize\">Conceptual framework &amp; workshop kit<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-192be23c wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\" id=\"Questionnaire\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Questionnaire<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<p>A structured data collection method consisting of a set of predefined questions used to gather perspectives, opinions, or insights from participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources for this method:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brown (2023) &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nngroup.com\/articles\/survey-best-practices\/#:~:text=In%20This%20Article:,Can%20Find%20the%20Answer%20to\">Writing Good Survey Questions: 10 Best Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:var(--wp--preset--spacing--95)\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Methods Search this page with keyboard: PC: Ctr + F \/ Mac: Cmd + F Art-based Methods Approaches that use creative and aesthetic practices (e.g., visual arts, storytelling, and performance) to inform, inspire, and engage people in research processes. These methods foster deeper emotional connections and value-based understanding but also stimulate imagination and the generation [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":123743,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-149","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/149","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/123743"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=149"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/149\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1788,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/149\/revisions\/1788"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/livinglabs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}