{"id":9,"date":"2016-12-12T13:01:06","date_gmt":"2016-12-12T12:01:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/?page_id=9"},"modified":"2026-04-15T14:38:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T12:38:34","slug":"publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"

If you are interested in a copy of any of these publications, some of them may be found in UiT\u2019s open access repository Munin<\/a> or on my profile on ResearchGate<\/a>. You may also just write me an e-mail<\/a>.<\/small><\/p>\n

2026\/Forthcoming\/Submitted<\/span><\/h2>\n

Mitrofanova, Natalia, Serge Minor, Christina Athanasiadi, Nadine Kolb & Marit Westergaard. Under revision. Structural similarity and dominance jointly modulate L3 acquisition of English verbal aspect: Evidence from eye-tracking.<\/span><\/p>\n

Leivada, Evelina, Fritz G\u00fcnther, Camilla Masullo & Marit Westergaard. Under revision. A multi-metric analysis of 50,000 linguistic profiles provides sparse evidence that language distance modulates bilingual cognition.<\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. Forthcoming. Grammatical gender in North Germanic languages. In Schiller, Niels & Tanja Kupisch (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Classifiers<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Schlenter, Judith & Marit Westergaard. 2026. Sentence comprehension in German by multilinguals with Norwegian or Polish as L1: Is there cross-linguistic influence from the L1? Second Language Research. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mitrofanova, Natalia, Serge Minor, Irina Sekerina, Natalia Gagarina, Antje Sauermann & Marit Westergaard. Submitted. Processing of grammatical case in Russian and German by monolingual and bilingual preschoolers: A Visual World eye-tracking study.<\/p>\n

2025<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit, 2025. Micro-variation and multiple grammars. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism<\/em>. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Schlenter, Judith & Marit Westergaard. 2025. The real-time processing of morphological case by German L1 speakers in Norway: A case of attrition? Applied Psycholinguistics <\/em>46.<\/p>\n

Wrembel, Magdalena, Chloe Castle, Justyna Gruszecka, Roumyana Slabakova, Marta Velnic & Marit Westergaard. 2025. The role of accentedness in acceptability judgements in L3 Norwegian: An across-domain investigation. International Journal of Multilingualism<\/em>. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Leivada, Evelina, Camilla Masullo, Lara Kelly-Iturriaga, Marit Westergaard & Jason Rothman. 2025. The unpredictable role of language distance in bilingual cognition: A systematic review from brain to behavior. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.\u00a0<\/em>OPEN ACCESS\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Castle, Chloe, Anna Ska\u0142ba & Marit Westergaard. 2025. Cross-linguistic influence in L3 acquisition: Investigating the roles of dominance, recency, and property. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism.\u00a0<\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Castle, Chloe, Isabel N. Jensen, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2025. Investigating CLI in L3 morphosyntax through artificial languages. Second Language Research. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Busterud, Guro, Terje Lohndal, Toril Opsahl, Yulia Rodina & Marit Westergaard. 2025. Language change and the loss of feminine gender: Grammatical gender and declension class in the Oslo dialect. Nordic Journal of Linguistics. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete, Helene R. Jensberg, Terje Lohndal, Bj\u00f6rn Lundquist & Marit Westergaard. 2025. Verb Second and finite verb placement. In Kari Kinn & Mike Putnam (eds.). A reference guide to the syntax of North American Norwegian. <\/em>Available here.<\/a><\/p>\n

2024<\/span><\/h2>\n

Minor, Sergey, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2024. The interaction of linguistic and visual cues for the processing of Case in Russian by Russian-German bilinguals: An eye-tracking study. Topics in Cognitive Science. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jensberg, Helene R., Merete Anderssen, Terje Lohndal, Bj\u00f6rn Lundquist & Marit Westergaard. 2024. Verb placement in embedded clauses in Heritage Norwegian. International Journal of Bilingualism. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Schlenter, Judith & Marit Westergaard. 2024. What eye and hand movements tell us about expectations towards argument order: An eye- and mouse-tracking study in German. Acta Psychologica. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bohnacker, Ute & Marit Westergaard. 2024. Learning and unlearning Verb Second word order. In Ionin, Tania, Sivina Montrul & Roumyana Slabakova (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition: Morphosyntax and Semantics<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

2023<\/span><\/h2>\n

Kolb, Nadine, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard (eds.) (2023). Structural similarity across domains in third language acquisition. Special issue of Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism<\/em> 13:3. Available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mitrofanova, Natalia, Evelina Leivada & Marit Westergaard. 2023.\u00a0<\/span>Crosslinguistic influence in L3 acquisition: Evidence from artificial language learning.\u00a0<\/span>Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism<\/em>. Available\u00a0<\/span>here<\/a>.\u00a0Postprint version here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kolb, Nadine, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2023. Structural similarity in third language acquisition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism.<\/em> OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, Natalia Mitrofanova, Yulia Rodina & Roumyana Slabakova. 2023. Full Transfer Potential in L3\/Ln acquisition: Crosslinguistic influence as a property-by-property process<\/a>. In Cabrelli, Jennifer, Adel Chaouch-Orozco, Jorge Gonz\u00e1lez Alonso, Sergio Miguel Pereira Soares, Eloi Puig-Mayenco & Jason Rothman (eds.),\u00a0The Cambridge Handbook of Third Language Acquisition and Processing<\/a>, <\/em>Ch. 9, pp. 219-242. Postprint available<\/span>\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia, Alexandra Bogoyavlenskaya, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2023.\u00a0Russian heritage language development in narrative contexts: Evidence from pre- and primary-school children in Norway, Germany, and the UK. Frontiers in Psychology. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>. Part of Frontiers E-book International Mother Language Day: Enhancing Home Language Development from a Young Age<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ringstad, Tina & Marit Westergaard. 2023. Children\u2019s acquisition of word order variation: An experimental study of subject placement in embedded clauses in Norwegian. Journal of Child Language.\u00a0<\/em>OPEN ACCESS\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kupisch, Tanja, Martin Kr\u00e4mer, Tammer Castro & Marit Westergaard. 2023.Phonological influence in bilectal speakers of Brazilian and European Portuguese. International Journal of Bilingualism. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span>\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2022<\/span><\/h2>\n

Jensen, Isabel N. & Marit Westergaard. 2022. Syntax matters: Exploring the effect of linguistic similarity in third language acquisition. Language Learning. <\/em>Print version published 2023, Vol. 73(2): 374-402. OPEN ACCESS<\/span>\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Klassen, Rachel, Nadine Kolb, Holger Hopp & Marit Westergaard. 2022. The interaction between syntactic and lexical gender congruency in L1 Spanish-L2 German speakers. Applied Psycholinguistics. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Urek, Olga, Terje Lohndal & Marit Westergaard. 2022. En splyv<\/em> eller et splyv<\/em>? Tilordning av grammatisk genus til nonord-substantiv i norsk. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift,<\/em>\u00a040(1): 7-26. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lundquist, Bj\u00f6rn, Rachel Klassen & Marit Westergaard. 2022. Dynamikken i en spr\u00e5kendringsprosess: Bortfall av hunkj\u00f8nnsformer i norsk. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift,<\/em>\u00a040(1): 27-56. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kolb, Nadine, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2022. Cross-linguistic influence in child L3 English: An empirical study on Russian-German heritage bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Klassen, Rachel, Bj\u00f6rn Lundquist & Marit Westergaard. 2022. L1 grammatical gender variation through the representation in the lexicon. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research.<\/em> OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kupisch, Tanja, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2022. Sensitivity to cues for gender assignment in German: An experimental study of mono- and bilingual children. Experiments with real and nonce words. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2021<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2021. L3 acquisition and crosslinguistic influence as co-activation. Response to commentaries on the keynote \u201cMicrovariation in multilingual situations: The importance of property-by-property acquisition.\u201d Second Language Research.<\/em> OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>. Print version published in Volume 37(3): 501-518. DOI: 10.1177\/02676583211007897<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Jensen, Isabel Nadine, Natalia Mitrofanova, Merete Anderssen, Yulia Rodina, Roumyana Slabakova & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Crosslinguistic influence in L3 acquisition across linguistic modules. International Journal of Multilingualism.<\/em> OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2021. The plausibility of wholesale vs. property-by-property transfer in L3 acquisition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism. <\/em>Available here<\/a>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Mitrofanova, Natalia, Yulia Rodina, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Sensitivity to microvariation in bilingual acquisition: morphophonological gender cues in Russian heritage language. Applied Psycholinguistics. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, Terje Lohndal & Bj\u00f6rn Lundquist. 2021. Variable V2 in Norwegian Heritage Language: An effect of crosslinguistic influence? Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism. <\/em>Available here<\/a>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Leivada, Evelina, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Bilinguals are better than monolinguals in detecting manipulative discourse. PLOS ONE. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kupisch, Tanja, Natalia Mitrofanova & Marit Westergaard. 2021. The role of phonological vs. natural gender cues in the acquisition of German by simultaneous and sequential bilinguals (German-Russian). Journal of Child Language. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Grammatical gender and declension class in language change: A study of the loss of feminine gender in Norwegian. Journal of Germanic Linguistics <\/em>33(3): 235-263. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lohndal, Terje & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Grammatical gender: Acquisition, attrition, and change. Journal of Germanic Linguistics <\/em>33(1): 95-121. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jensen, Isabel N. & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Flaskehalshypotesen: Syntaks og morfologi blant norske andrespr\u00e5ksinnl\u00e6rere av engelsk. Norsk lingvistisk tidsskrift <\/em>39, 97-121. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vangsnes, \u00d8ystein & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Ka LIA fort\u00e6ll? Eit gjensyn med kv<\/em>-sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l i norske dialektar. I Hagen, Kristin, Gjert Kristoffersen, \u00d8ystein A. Vangsnes & Tor A. \u00c5farli, Spr\u00e5k i arkiva: Ny forsking om eldre talem\u00e5l fr\u00e5 LIA-prosjektet. <\/em>Novus forlag.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2021. Microvariation in multilingual <\/span>situations: The importance <\/span>of property-by-property <\/span>acquisition<\/span>. Second Language Research<\/em>, 37(3): 379-407. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2020<\/span><\/h2>\n

Leivada, Evelina, Marit Westergaard, Jon Andoni Du\u00f1abeitia & Jason Rothman. 2020. On the phantom-like appearance of bilingualism effects on cognition: (How) should we proceed? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia, Tanja Kupisch, Natalia Meir, Natalia Mitrofanova, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard. 2020. Internal and External Factors in Heritage Language Acquisition: Evidence from Heritage Russian in Israel, Germany, Norway, Latvia and the UK. Frontiers in Education. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Leivada, Evelina & Marit Westergaard. 2020. Acceptable ungrammatical sentences, unacceptable grammatical sentences, and the role of the cognitive parser. Frontiers in Psychology. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Kwame, Abukari & Marit Westergaard. 2020. The acquisition of English articles among L1 Dagbani L2 English learners. Revue canadienne de linguistique\/Canadian Journal of Linguistics. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Sigri\u2202ur Bj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir, Terje Lohndal & Marit Westergaard. 2020. The effect of attrition on grammatical gender. Evidence from North American Icelandic. Heritage Language Journal. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lohndal, Terje, Marit Westergaard & \u00d8ystein Vangsnes. 2020. Verb Second in Norwegian: Variation and Acquisition. In Rebecca Woods & Sam Wolfe (eds.), Rethinking V2<\/a>.<\/em> Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Castro, Tammer, Jason Rothman & Marit Westergaard. 2020. Syntactic Contrasts in Early and Late Brazilian Portuguese-European Portuguese Bidialectal Bilinguals: Data from Production. In Karina Molsing, Christina B. Lopes Perna & Ana M. T. Iba\u00f1os (eds.),\u00a0Linguistic Approaches to Portuguese as an Additional Language<\/em>, 35-59. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit & Tanja Kupisch. 2020. Stable and vulnerable domains in Germanic Heritage Languages. In Kristin Hagen, Arnstin Hjelde, Katrine Stjernholm & \u00d8ystein Vangsnes (eds.), Bauta: Janne Bondi Johannessen in memoriam. Oslo Studies in Language<\/em> 11(2). OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lundquist, Bj\u00f6rn, Merete Anderssen, Terje Lohndal & Marit Westergaard. 2020. Variation across individuals and domains in Norwegian heritage language. In Kristin Hagen, Arnstin Hjelde, Katrine Stjernholm & \u00d8ystein Vangsnes (eds.), Bauta: Janne Bondi Johannessen in memoriam. Oslo Studies in Language<\/em> 11(2). OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete & Marit Westergaard. 2020. Word Order Variation in Heritage Language: Subject Shift and Object Shift in Norwegian. In Bernhard Brehmer & Jeanine Treffers-Daller\u00a0 Lost in Transmission: The role of attrition and input in heritage language development, <\/em>99-124.\u00a0Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2020. Language Acquisition, Microcues, Parameters, and Morphosyntactic Change. In Richard D. Janda, Brian D. Joseph & Barbara S. Vance (eds.), Handbook of Historical Linguistics<\/em><\/a>, Volume 2, Ch. 17, 357-374. Wiley\/Blackwell Publishers.<\/p>\n

Busterud, Guro, Terje Lohndal, Yulia Rodina & Marit Westergaard. 2020. Hvor mange genus er det i Trondheimsdialekten? Maal og Minne <\/em>2, 1-36. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2019<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2019. Microvariation in Multilingual Situations: The Importance of Property-by-Property Acquisition. Keynote article in Second Language Research. <\/em>Available here<\/a>. Postprint available here<\/a>. Print version published in Volume 37(3), 2021 (see above). DOI: 10.1177\/0267658319884116<\/span>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Leivada, Evelina & Marit Westergaard. 2019. Universal linguistic hierarchies are not innately wired Evidence from multiple adjectives. PeerJ<\/em>. OPEN ACCESS here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Wolleb, Anna, Antonella Sorace & Marit Westergaard. 2019. Language control and executive control: Can studies on language processing distinguish the two? In Irina Sekerina, Lauren Spradlin & Virginia Valian (eds.), Bilingualism, Executive Function, and Beyond. Questions and insights <\/em>[Studies in Bilingualism], 148-159. John Benjamins. Available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit & Terje Lohndal. 2019. Verb second word order in Norwegian heritage language: Syntax and pragmatics. In David Lightfoot & Jon Haven\u00adhill (eds.), Variable properties in language: Their nature and acquisition<\/em>, 91-102. Washing\u00adton, DC: Georgetown University Press.<\/p>\n

Busterud, Guro, Terje Lohndal, Yulia Rodina & Marit Westergaard. 2019. The loss of feminine gender in Norwegian: A dialect comparison. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics<\/em>. Available here<\/a>. Postprint available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jensen, Isabel, Bj\u00f6rn Lundquist, Roumyana Slabakova & Marit Westergaard. 2019. The Bottleneck Hypothesis in L2 acquisition: L1 Norwegian learners\u2019 knowledge of syntax and morphology in L2 English. Second Language Research. <\/em>Available here<\/a>. Postprint available here<\/a>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2019. Overgeneralization and change: The role of acquisition in diachrony. Theoretical Linguistics <\/em>45: 3-4, 225-231. Available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2019. Attrition via acquisition: The importance of development in small steps. Commentary in Second Language Research. <\/em>DOI: 10.1177\/0267658319882061. Available here<\/a>. Postprint available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lohndal, Terje & Marit Westergaard. 2019. Amerikanorsk endrar seg. Syn og Segn <\/em>125:1.19, 100-105.<\/p>\n

Fabreg\u00e1s, Antonio, Merete Anderssen & Marit Westergaard. 2019. Complexity and word order: a comparison of Norwegian and Spanish L1 acquisition of possessive constructions. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics. <\/em>Available here<\/a>. Postprint available here<\/a>.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, Terje Lohndal & Artemis Alexiadou. 2019. The asymmetric nature of V2: Evidence from learner languages. In Ken R. Christensen, Henrik J\u00f8rgensen & Johanna L. Wood (eds.), The sign of the V: Papers in honour of Sten Vikner<\/em>, pp. 709-733. School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University. ISBN 9788791134050. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lohndal, Terje, Jason Rothman, Tanja Kupisch & Marit Westergaard. 2019. Heritage language acquisition: What it reveals and why it is important for formal linguistic theories. Language and Linguistics Compass. <\/em>OPEN access here<\/a>. <\/span><\/span>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

2018<\/span><\/h2>\n

Anderssen, Merete, Bj\u00f6rn Lundquist & Marit Westergaard. 2018. \u2018Crosslinguistic similarities and differences in bilingual acquisition and attrition: Possessives and double definiteness in Norwegian heritage language.\u2019 Bilingualism: Language and Cognition <\/em>21:4, 748-764. doi: 10.1017\/S1366728918000330<\/a>. Available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mitrofanova, Natalia & Marit Westergaard. 2018. \u2018Acquisition of Locative Utterances in Norwegian: Structure Building via Lexical Learning.\u2019 Journal of Child Language. <\/em>doi:10.1017\/S03050009180000<\/a>16.<\/a> Available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete, Kristine Bentzen, Guro Busterud, Anne Dahl, Bj\u00f6rn Lundquist & Marit Westergaard. 2018. \u2018The Acquisition of Word Order in L2 Norwegian: The case of Subject and Object Shift.\u2019 Nordic Journal of Linguistics <\/em>41.3: 247-274 (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0332586518000203<\/a>). Postprint available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rothman, Jason, Fatih Bayram, Tanja Kupisch, Terje Lohndal & Marit Westergaard. 2018. \u2018Generative Approaches to Second Language (L2) Acquisition and Advanced L2 Proficiency.\u2019 In A. Benati & P. Malovrh (eds.), The Handbook of Advanced Proficiency in Second Language Acquisition, <\/em>pp. 72-93. New York: Blackwell\/Wiley.<\/p>\n

Mitrofanova, Natalia, Yulia Rodina, Olga Urek & Marit Westergaard. 2018. \u2018Bilinguals\u2019 sensitivity to grammatical gender cues in Russian: the role of cumulative input, proficiency, and dominance.\u2019 Frontiers in Psychology, <\/em>doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01894<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Wolleb, Anna, Antonella Sorace & Marit Westergaard. 2018. \u2018Exploring the role of cognitive control in syntactic processing: Evidence from cross-language priming in bilingual children.\u2019 Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism <\/em>8:5, 606-636. Published online 10 July 2017. DOI: 10.1075\/lab.17002.wol<\/a>.\u00a0 Available\u00a0here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Olga Urek, Marit Westergaard & Agrita Taurina. Under revision. Acquisition\u00a0of\u00a0adjectival gender agreement\u00a0in monolinguals and bilinguals: evidence from Latvian and Russian. Available here<\/a>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

2017<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2017. \u2018Gradience and gradualness vs. abruptness.\u2019 In Adam Ledgeway & Ian Roberts (eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Historical Syntax<\/em>, Ch. 21, 446-466. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, \u00d8ystein A. Vangsnes & Terje Lohndal. 2017. \u2018Variation and change in Norwegian wh-questions: The role of the complementizer som<\/a>.\u2019 Linguistic Variation <\/em>17.1, 8-43. doi 10.1075\/lv.17.1.02wes. Available here.<\/a><\/p>\n

Castro, Tammer, Jason Rothman & Marit Westergaard. 2017. \u2018On the directionality of cross-linguistic effects in bidialectal bilingualism.\u2019 Frontiers in Psychology, <\/em>DOI: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01382. OPEN ACCESS here<\/a>. Also available as part of an e-book here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bayram, Fatih, Mike Iverson, Tanja Kupisch, Eloi P. Mayenco, David Miller, Jason Rothman & Marit Westergaard. 2017. \u2018Differences in Use without Deficiencies in Competence: Passives in the Turkish and German of Turkish Heritage Speakers in Germany.\u2019 International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism<\/em>. Available here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jensen, Isabel N., Roumyana Slabakova & Marit Westergaard. 2017. \u2018The Bottleneck Hypothesis in L2 acquisition: A study of L1 Norwegian speakers\u2019 knowledge of syntax and morphology in L2 English.\u2019 In Maria LaMendola & Jennifer Scott (eds.), Proceedings of the 41st annual Boston University Conference on Language Development<\/em>, 333-346. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. <\/em>OPEN ACCESS here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2017. \u2018Word order and verb movement in Norwegian wh-questions: A comparison of production and judgement data.\u2019 In Bettelou Los & Pieter de Haan (eds.), Word Order Change in Acquisition and Language Contact: Essays in honour of Ans van Kemenade<\/em>,<\/a> 35-56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi 10.1075\/la.243.03wes. Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Olga Urek, Agrita Tauri\u0146a, Marit Westergaard & Anna Vul\u0101ne. 2017. \u2018Acquisition of definiteness marking in Latvian: evidence from monolinguals and bilinguals.\u2019 In Dace Markus & Anna Vul\u0101ne (eds.), Child language in Latvia in the 21st century III<\/em>, 103-126. SIA Zinatne.<\/span><\/p>\n

2016<\/span><\/h2>\n

Lundquist, Bj\u00f6rn, Yulia Rodina, Irina Sekerina & Marit Westergaard. 2016. \u2018Gender change in Norwegian dialects: Comprehension precedes production.\u2019 Linguistics Vanguard<\/em> 2:1, 69\u201383, DOI: 10.1515\/lingvan-2016-0026.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS\u00a0<\/span>here.<\/a><\/p>\n

Castro, Tammer, Jason Rothman & Marit Westergaard. 2016. \u2018Comparing anaphora resolution in Early and Late Brazilian Portuguese-European Portuguese bidialectal bilinguals.\u2019 Revista Espanola de Lingu\u00edstica Aplicada\/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics <\/em>29:2<\/a>, 429-461 (post-print version)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jason Rothman & Marit Westergaard (eds.). 2016. International Journal of Bilingualism. Special issue: L3 acquisition<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit & Yulia Rodina. 2016. \u2018Hvor mange genus er det i Troms\u00f8dialekten?\u2019 Maal og Minne <\/em>2, 159-189. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Lohndal, Terje & Marit Westergaard. 2016. \u2018Grammatical Gender in American Norwegian Heritage Language: Stability or attrition?\u2019 Frontiers in Psychology<\/em> 7:344. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00344. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, Natalia Mitrofanova, Roksolana Mykhaylyk & Yulia Rodina. 2016. \u2018Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The Linguistic Proximity Model.\u2019 International Journal of Bilingualism<\/em>. DOI: 10.1177\/1367006916648859.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS\u00a0<\/span>here.<\/a><\/p>\n

Alonso, Jorge Gonz\u00e1lez, Jason Rothman, Denny Berndt, Tammer Castro & Marit Westergaard. 2016. \u2018Broad scope and narrow focus: On the contemporary linguistic and psycholinguistic study of L3 acquisition.\u2019 International Journal of Bilingualism<\/em>.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS\u00a0<\/span>here.<\/a><\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2016. \u2018Word order and finiteness in acquisition: A study of English and Norwegian wh-questions.\u2019 In Kristin M. Eide (ed.), Finiteness matters. On finiteness-related phenomena in natural languages<\/em>, 255-286. Amsterdam: John Benjamins (DOI: 10.1075\/la.231.09wes) (post-print version<\/a>).<\/p>\n

2015<\/span><\/h2>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. 2015. \u2018Grammatical gender in bilingual Norwegian-Russian acquisition: The role of input and transparency.\u2019 Bilingualism: Language and Cognition<\/em>, doi:10.1017\/S1366728915000668.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS\u00a0<\/span>here.<\/a><\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2015. \u2018Complexity in child and adult language acquisition.\u2019 Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism<\/em> 5.4, 541-544.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS\u00a0<\/span>here.<\/a><\/p>\n

Mykhaylyk, Roksolana, Natalia Mitrofanova, Yulia Rodina & Marit Westergaard. 2015. \u2018The Linguistic Proximity Model: The Case of Verb-Second Revisited.\u2019 In Elisabeth Grillo & Kyle Jepsen (eds.), Proceedings of the 39th Boston University Conference on Language Development<\/em> 2, 337-349. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.<\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. 2015. \u2018Grammatical gender in Norwegian: Language acquisition and language change.\u2019 Journal of Germanic Linguistics<\/em> 27.2, 145-187.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS\u00a0<\/span>here.<\/a><\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit & Merete Anderssen. 2015. \u2018Word Order Variation in Norwegian Possessive Constructions: Bilingual Acquisition and Attrition.\u2019 In Janne Bondi Johannessen & Joe Salmons (eds.), Germanic heritage languages in North America: Acquisition, attrition and change [Studies in Language Variation]<\/em>, 21-45. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2015. \u2018Koff\u00f8r d\u00e6m IKKE sir det? Om ordstilling i hv-sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l i nordnorske dialekter.\u2019 Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift<\/em> 33:2, 175-199. OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2014<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2014. \u2018Linguistic variation and micro-cues in first language acquisition.\u2019 Linguistic Variation<\/em>, 14.1, 26-45 (post-print version)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vangsnes, \u00d8ystein A. & Marit Westergaard. 2014. \u2018Ka korpuset fort\u00e6ll? Om ordstilling i hv-sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l i norske dialekter.\u2019 [What does the corpus tell us? On word order in wh-questions in Norwegian dialects]. In Janne Bondi Johannessen & Kristin Hagen (eds.). Spr\u00e5k i Norge og nabolanda. Ny forskning om talespr\u00e5k<\/em>, 133-151. Oslo: Novus.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Eitler, Tam\u00e1s & Marit Westergaard. 2014. \u2018Word order variation in late Middle English: The effect of information structure and audience design.\u2019 In Kristin Bech & Kristine Eide (eds.), Information structure and syntactic change in Germanic and Romance languages<\/em>, 203-231. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2014. \u2018Complexity and conflicting grammars in language acquisition.\u2019 A commentary to Luiz Amaral & Tom Roeper \u2018Multiple Grammars and Second Language Representation.\u2019 Second Language Research<\/em> 30.1, 85-89. DOI: 10.1177\/0267658313518486 Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, Antonella Sorace, Caroline Heycock & Kristine Bentzen. 2014. \u2018Variable verb placement in embedded clauses: comparing English and Norwegian children and adults.\u2019 In Carla Contemori & Lena Dal Pozzo (eds.), Inquiries into Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition. Papers offered to Adriana Belletti<\/em>, 229-238. Siena: CISCL Press.<\/p>\n

2013<\/span><\/h2>\n

Bentzen, Kristine & Marit Westergaard (eds.). 2013. Studia Linguistica<\/em> 67.1. Special issue: The acquisition of Linguistic Variation. 1\u2013183.<\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. 2013. \u2018The acquisition of gender and declension in a non-transparent system: monolinguals and bilinguals.\u2019 Studia Linguistica<\/em> 67.1, 47-67. Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. 2013. \u2018Two gender systems in one mind: The acquisition of grammatical gender in Russian-Norwegian bilinguals.\u2019 In Hamburg Studies on Linguistic Diversity 1 [Multilingualism and Language Diversity in Urban Areas: Acquisition, identities, space, education]<\/em>, 95-126, Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<\/p>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. 2013. \u2018The acquisition of gender: A bilingual case study.\u2019 Advances in Language Acquisition<\/em>, 355-363. Cambridge Scholars Press.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2013. \u2018The Acquisition of Linguistic Variation: Parameters vs. Micro-cues.\u2019 In Terje Lohndal (ed.), In Search of Universal Grammar: From Old Norse to Zoque<\/em>, 275-298. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2013. \u2018L’acquisizione della variazione linguistica.\u2019 In Ermenegildo Bidese & Federica Cognola (eds.), Introduzione alla linguistica del m\u00f2cheno<\/em>, 165-181. Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier.<\/p>\n

2012<\/span><\/h2>\n

Rodina, Yulia & Marit Westergaard. 2012. \u2018A cue-based approach to the acquisition of grammatical gender in Russian.\u2019 Journal of Child Language<\/em> 39.5, 1077-1106. Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete & Marit Westergaard. 2012. \u2018Tospr\u00e5klighet og ordstilling i norske possessivkonstruksjoner.\u2019 [Bilingualism and word order in Norwegian possessive constructions]. Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Journal of Linguistics]<\/em> 30, 170-197.\u00a0OPEN ACCESS<\/span> here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kemenade, Ans van & Marit Westergaard. 2012. \u2018Syntax and information structure: Verb-second variation in Middle English.\u2019 In Anneli Meurman Solin, Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 L\u00f3pez-Couso & Bettelou Los (eds.) Information Structure and Syntactic Change in the History of English [Oxford Studies in the History of English 2]<\/em>, 87-118. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, \u00d8ystein A. Vangsnes & Terje Lohndal. 2012. \u2018Norwegian som: The complementizer that climbed to the matrix Left Periphery and caused Verb Second violations.\u2019 In Valentina Bianchi & Cristiano Chesi (eds.), Enjoy Linguistics! Papers offered to Luigi Rizzi on the occasion of his 60th birthday<\/em>, 329-343. Siena: CISCL Press.<\/p>\n

Kristine Bentzen, Marit Westergaard & Merete Anderssen. 2012. \u2018Vet du kor du b\u00f8r helst sette inn verbet hen? Om verbplassering i nordnorsk.\u2019 Ottar<\/em> 290, 25-31.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit, Merete Anderssen & Kristine Bentzen. 2012. \u2018Det vil \u00e6 ikke eller det vil ikke \u00e6: Ordstilling i nordnorsk barnespr\u00e5k.\u2019 Ottar<\/em> 290, 10-16.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete, Kristine Bentzen & Marit Westergaard. 2012. \u2018Min bil eller bilen min: Eiendomskonstruksjoner i norsk barnespr\u00e5k og amerikanorsk.\u2019 Ottar<\/em> 290, 17-24.<\/p>\n

2011<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2011. \u2018Subject positions and information structure: The effect of frequency on acquisition and change.\u2019 Studia Linguistica<\/em> 3, 299-332. Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2010<\/span><\/h2>\n

Anderssen, Merete, Kristine Bentzen & Marit Westergaard (eds.). 2010. Variation in the Input: Studies in the Acquisition of Word Order<\/em>. [Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics<\/em> 39], Springer Verlag.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete, Kristine Bentzen, Yulia Rodina & Marit Westergaard. 2010. \u2018The Acquisition of Apparent Optionality: Word Order in Subject and Object shift Constructions in Norwegian.\u2019 In Merete Anderssen, Kristine Bentzen & Marit Westergaard (eds.), Variation in the Input: Studies in the Acquisition of Word Order<\/em>. [Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics<\/em> 39], 241-270, Springer Verlag.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete, Kristine Bentzen & Marit Westergaard. 2010. \u2018The acquisition of (word order) variation.\u2019 In Merete Anderssen, Kristine Bentzen & Marit Westergaard (eds.), Variation in the Input: Studies in the Acquisition of Word Order<\/em>. [Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics<\/em> 39], 1-15, Springer Verlag.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2010. \u2018Cue-based Acquisition and Information Structure Drift in Diachronic Language Development.\u2019 In Gisella Ferraresi & Rosemarie L\u00fchr (eds.), Diachronic Studies on Information Structure: Language Acquisition and Change<\/em> [Language, Context and Cognition]<\/em>, Berlin: de Gruyter.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete and Marit Westergaard. 2010. \u2018Frequency and economy in the acquisition of variable word order.\u2019 Lingua<\/em> 120.11, 2569-2588. DOI: 10.1016\/j.lingua.2010.06.006. Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit & Kristine Bentzen. 2010. \u2018Word order and finiteness in the acquisition of English and Norwegian wh-questions.\u2019 In Katie Franich, Kate M. Iserman & Lauren L. Keil (eds.), Proceedings of the 34th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development<\/em>, Vol 2: 457-467. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.<\/p>\n

Bohnacker, Ute & Marit Westergaard (eds.). 2010. Nordic Journal of Linguistics<\/em> 33.2, special issue on second language acquisition.<\/p>\n

Anderssen, Merete & Marit Westergaard. 2010. \u2018On the Impact of frequency in the acquisition of variable word order.\u2019 In Katie Franich, Kate M. Iserman & Lauren L. Keil (eds.), Proceedings of the 34th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development<\/em>, Vol 1: 1-10. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.<\/p>\n

2009<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2009. The Acquisition of Word Order: Micro-cues, Information Structure and Economy. [Linguistik Aktuell\/Linguistics Today<\/em> 145], Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2009. \u2018Usage-based vs. Rule-based Learning: The Acquisition of Word Order in Wh-Questions in English and Norwegian<\/a>.\u2019 Journal of Child Language<\/em> 36.5, 1023-1051. DOI: 10.1017\/S035000909009349. Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2009. \u2018Microvariation as Diachrony: A View from Acquisition.\u2019 Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics<\/em>, 12.1, 49-79.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2009. \u2018The Development of Word Order in Old and Middle English: The Role of Information Structure and First Language Acquisition.\u2019 Diachronica<\/em> 26.1, 65-102. DOI: 10.1075\/dia.26.1.03wes. Post-print version here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2009. \u2018Many Small Catastrophes: Gradualism in a Microparametric Perspective.\u2019 In Paola Crisma & Guiseppe Longobardi (eds.), Historical Syntax and Linguistic Theory<\/em>, 75-90. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

2008<\/span><\/h2>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2008. \u2018Acquisition and Change: On the Robustness of the Triggering Experience for Word Order Cues.\u2019 Lingua<\/em>, 118.12, 1841-1863.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2008. \u2018Hvordan barn l\u00e6rer spr\u00e5k: En sammenligning mellom ordstilling i engelsk og norsk.\u2019 [How children learn language: A comparison between word order in English and Norwegian]. BARN<\/em> 3, 21-35.<\/p>\n

Rice, Curt & Marit Westergaard. 2008. \u2018Barn p\u00e5virker spr\u00e5ket.\u2019 [Children affect the language] Labyrint<\/em>, no. 1, 47.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2008. \u2018Verb Movement and Subject Placement in the Acquisition of Word Order: Pragmatics or Structural Economy?\u2019 In Pedro Guijarro-Fuentes, Pilar Larranaga & John Clibbens (eds.), First Language Acquisition of Morphology and Syntax: Perspectives across languages and learners<\/em>. [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders<\/em> 45], 61-86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.<\/p>\n

2007 and earlier (a selection)<\/span><\/h2>\n

Lightfoot, David & Marit Westergaard. 2007. \u2018Language Acquisition and Language Change: Inter-relationships.\u2019 Language and Linguistics Compass<\/em> 1 (5), 396-416.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit & Kristine Bentzen. 2007. \u2018The (non-) effect of input fre\u00adquency on the acquisition of word order in Norwegian embedded clauses.\u2019 In Insa G\u00fclzow & Natalia Gagarina (eds.), Frequency Effects in Language Acquisition: Defining the Limits of Frequency as an Explanatory Concept<\/em>, [Studies on Language Acquisition<\/em>], 271-306. Berlin\/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit. 2007. \u2018English as a Mixed V2 Grammar: Synchronic Word Order Inconsistencies from the Perspective of First Language Acquisition.\u2019 Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics <\/em>43(2), 107-131.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit R. 2006. \u2018Triggering V2: The Amount of Input Needed for Parameter Setting in a Split-CP Model of Word Order.\u2019 In Adriana Belletti, Elisa Bennati, Cristiano Chesi, Elisa DiDomenico & Ida Ferrari (eds.), Language Acquisition and Development: Proceedings of GALA 2005<\/em>, 564-577. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit R. & \u00d8ystein A. Vangsnes. 2005. \u2018Wh-questions, V2, and the left periphery of three Norwegian dialects.\u2019 Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics<\/em> 8, 117-158.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit R. 2005. \u2018Optional Word Order in Wh-Questions in Two Norwegian Dialects: A Diachronic Analysis of Synchronic variation.\u2019 Nordic Journal of Linguistics<\/em> 28.2, 269-296. (pre-publication version)<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit R. 2003. \u2018Word Order in Wh-Questions in a North Norwegian Dialect: Some Evidence from an Acquisition Study.\u2019 Nordic Journal of Linguistics<\/em> 26.1, 81-109.<\/p>\n

Hellekj\u00e6r, Glenn O. & Marit R. Westergaard. 2003. \u2018An Exploratory Survey of Content Learning through English at Scandinavian Universities.\u2019 In C. van Leeuwen & R. Wilkinson (eds.), Multilingual Approaches in University Education: Challenges and Practices<\/em>, Uitgeverij Valkhof Pers, Nijmegen and Talencentrum Universiteit Maastricht, 65-80.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit R. 2003. \u2018Unlearning V2: Transfer, Markedness, and the Importance of Input Cues in the Acquisition of Word Order in English by Norwegian Children.\u2019 EUROSLA Yearbook<\/em> 3, 77-101.<\/p>\n

Westergaard, Marit R. 1986. Definite NP Anaphora: A Pragmatic Approach<\/em>. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

If you are interested in a copy of any of these publications, some of them may be found in UiT\u2019s open access repository Munin or on my profile on ResearchGate. You may also just write me an e-mail. 2026\/Forthcoming\/Submitted Mitrofanova, … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":644,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/644"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1272,"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions\/1272"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/site.uit.no\/maritwestergaard\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}